Literary Elements/Genre
Exposition
The
introductory material which gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary
to understanding the story.
Foreshadowing
The use of hints or clues to suggest what
will happen later in the story.
Inciting Force
The event or character that triggers the conflict.
Conflict
The essence of fiction. It creates plot. The
conflicts we encounter can usually be identified as one of four kinds. (Man versus…Man, Nature, Society, or Self)
Rising Action
A
series of events that builds from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax.
Crisis
The
conflict reaches a turning point. At this point the opposing forces in the story meet and the conflict becomes most intense.
The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the climax.
Climax
The
climax is the result of the crisis. It is the high point of the story for the reader. Frequently, it is the moment of the
highest interest and greatest emotion. The point at which the outcome of the conflict can be predicted.
Falling Action
The
events after the climax which close the story.
Resolution (Denouement)
Rounds
out and concludes the action.
CHARACTERIZATION
MAJOR CHARACTERS
Almost always round or three-dimensional
characters. They have good and bad qualities. Their goals, ambitions and values change. A round character changes as a result
of what happens to him or her. A character who changes inside as a result of what happens to him is referred to in literature
as a DYNAMIC character. A dynamic character grows or progresses to a higher level of understanding in the course of the story.
Protagonist
The
main character in the story |
Antagonist
The
character or force that opposes the protagonist. |
Foil
A character
who provides a contrast to the protagonist. |
MINOR CHARACTERS
Almost
always flat or two-dimensional characters. They have only one or two striking qualities. Their predominant quality is not
balanced by an opposite quality. They are usually all good or all bad. Such characters can be interesting or amusing in their
own right, but they lack depth. Flat characters are sometimes referred to as STATIC characters because they do not change
in the course of the story.
POINT OF VIEW
First Person
The narrator is a character in the story who
can reveal only personal thoughts and feelings and what he or she sees and is told by other characters. He can’t tell
us thoughts of other characters.
Third-Person Objective
The narrator is an outsider who can
report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can’t tell us the thoughts
of the characters.
Third-Person Limited
The narrator is an outsider who sees
into the mind of one of the characters.
Omniscient
The narrator is an all-knowing outsider who
can enter the minds of more than one of the characters.
CONFLICT
Conflict is the essence of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts
we encounter can usually be identified as one of four kinds.
Man versus Man
Conflict that pits one person against another.
Man versus Nature
A run-in with the forces of nature.
On the one hand, it expresses the insignificance of a single human life in the cosmic scheme of things. On the other hand,
it tests the limits of a person’s strength and will to live.
Man versus Society
The values and customs by which everyone
else lives are being challenged. The character may come to an untimely end as a result of his or her own convictions. The
character may, on the other hand, bring others around to a sympathetic point of view, or it may be decided that society was
right after all.
Man versus Self
Internal conflict. Not all conflict involves
other people. Sometimes people are their own worst enemies. An internal conflict is a good test of a character’s values.
Does he give in to temptation or rise above it? Does he demand the most from himself or settle for something less? Does he
even bother to struggle? The internal conflicts of a character and how they are resolved are good clues to the character’s
inner strength.
Often, more than one kind of conflict is taking
place at the same time. In every case, however, the existence of conflict enhances the reader’s understanding of a character
and creates the suspense and interest that make you want to continue reading.
FORESHADOWING
An author’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur
later in the story. Not all foreshadowing is obvious. Frequently, future events are merely hinted at through dialogue, description,
or the attitudes and reactions of the characters.
Foreshadowing frequently serves two purposes. It builds suspense by raising
questions that encourage the reader to go on and find out more about the event that is being foreshadowed. Foreshadowing is
also a means of making a narrative more believable by partially preparing the reader for events which are to follow.
IRONY
Irony
is the contrast between what is expected or what appears to be and what actually is.
Verbal Irony
The contrast between what is said and what is
actually meant.
Irony of Situation
This refers to a happening that is
the opposite of what is expected or intended.
Dramatic Irony
This occurs when the audience or reader
knows more than the characters know.
TONE/MOOD
Tone
The author’s attitude, stated or implied,
toward a subject. Some possible attitudes are pessimism, optimism, earnestness, seriousness, bitterness, humorous, and joyful.
An author’s tone can be revealed through choice of words and details.
Mood
The climate of feeling in a literary
work. The choice of setting, objects, details, images, and words all contribute towards creating a specific mood. For example,
an author may create a mood of mystery around a character or setting but may treat that character or setting in an ironic,
serious, or humorous tone
SYMBOLISM
A person, place or object which has a meaning in itself but suggests other
meanings as well. Things, characters and actions can be symbols. Anything that suggests a meaning beyond the obvious.
Some
symbols are conventional, generally meaning the same thing to all readers.
For example: bright sunshine symbolizes
goodness and water is a symbolic cleanser.
THEME
The main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work. A theme may be stated
or implied. Theme differs from the subject or topic of a literary work in that it involves a statement or opinion about the
topic. Not every literary work has a theme. Themes may be major or minor. A major theme is an idea the author returns to time
and again. It becomes one of the most important ideas in the story. Minor themes are ideas that may appear from time to time.
It is important to recognize the difference between the theme of a literary
work and the subject of a literary work. The subject is the topic on which an author has chosen to write. The theme, however,
makes some statement about or expresses some opinion on that topic. For example, the subject of a story might be war while
the theme might be the idea that war is useless.
Four ways in which an author can express themes are as follows:
1. Themes are expressed and emphasized by the way the author makes us feel..
By sharing feelings of the main character you also share the ideas that go through his mind.
2. Themes are presented in thoughts and conversations. Authors put
words in their character’s mouths only for good reasons. One of these is to develop a story’s themes. The things
a person says are much on their mind. Look for thoughts that are repeated throughout the story.
3. Themes are suggested through the characters. The main character usually
illustrates the most important theme of the story. A good way to get at this theme is to ask yourself the question, what
does the main character learn in the course of the story?
4. The actions or events in the story are used to suggest
theme. People naturally express ideas and feelings through their actions. One thing authors think about is what an action
will "say". In other words, how will the action express an idea or theme?
IMAGERY: Language that appeals to the senses. Descriptions of people
or objects stated in terms of our senses.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you
are using figurative language. Any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects
or fresh insights into an idea or a subject. The most common figures of speech are simile, metaphor, and alliteration.
Simile
A figure of speech which involves a direct comparison
between two unlike things, usually with the words like or as. Example: The muscles on his brawny arms are strong as iron bands.
Metaphor
A figure of speech which involves an implied comparison
between two relatively unlike things using a form of be. The comparison is not announced by like or as. Example: The road
was a ribbon of moonlight.
Alliteration
Repeated consonant sounds occurring at the
beginning of words or within words. Alliteration is used to create melody, establish mood, call attention to important words,
and point out similarities and contrasts. Example: wide-eyed and wondering while we wait for others to waken.
Personification
A figure of speech which gives the qualities
of a person to an animal, an object, or an idea. It is a comparison which the author uses to show something in an entirely
new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it. Example:
a brave handsome brute fell with a creaking rending cry--the author is giving a tree human qualities.
Onomatopoeia
The use of words that mimic sounds. They
appeal to our sense of hearing and they help bring a description to life. A string of syllables the author has made up to
represent the way a sound really sounds. Example: Caarackle!
Hyperbole
An exaggerated statement used to heighten effect.
It is not used to mislead the reader, but to emphasize a point. Example: She’s said so on several million occasions
Unity Of Time
One of the three unities of drama as described by Aristotle in his Poetics.
Unity of time refers to the limitation of a play's action to a short period of time - usually the time it takes to present
the play or, at any rate, no longer than a day.
Japanese Anime and Manga
Japanese popular
culture has created the sensational anime and manga
industries which have swept the entire world. Anime (Japanese animation) and its sister industry, manga (Japanese
comics), have developed into an art renowned for its beauty and lack of politically correct boundaries. The anime’s lack of modesty and innocence has often given
it such negative titles in the US as “animated pornography.” Traditionally, Japanese entertainment and legends have told stories in such ways and about subjects which
would be “tabooed” in American culture.
Anime, produced solely for Japanese audiences, has “its dramatic techniques, its themes, and its basic assumptions...
its myths, and legends, its religion, artistic traditions, and philosophies” which makes it difficult for foreign audiences
to comprehend everything presented in this artform (Levi 16). Despite this lack
of understanding, anime attracts many Americans fans, or otaku.
